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Digital Libraries

Digital Libraries

Digital Libraries

Digital Libraries and institutional repositories are emerging as a crucial component of global information infrastructure adopting the latest innovations in ICT. The concept has brought a phenomenal change in collection, management and dissemination of information. Digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats and accessed by computers. The collections can be accessed locally or assessed remotely through computer networks. The digital library initiative is probably the most promising development for libraries since the beginning of library automation.
Digital Libraries V/s Traditional Libraries
Digital libraries provide comparable or better services to traditional libraries at a relatively low cost over existing networks and tools like those used for the World Wide Web. Hence digital libraries contain volumes of information easy to access.

Digital Libraries History

The era of digital library perhaps emerged with the publication of e journals and e books, databases etc. and they are now becoming popular especially because of the fast emerging networks. The need for institutional repository arises out of a growing crisis in scholarly communication. Over the last twenty five years subscription prizes to scholarly publications have increase at a rate so significant that many libraries have been force to reduce their subscriptions; at the same time the funding for libraries have remained stagnant. Institutional repositories offer a strategic response both to the opportunities of digital e- network environment and the systemic problems in scholarly communications.

Institutional repositories are somehow link to the digital libraries in collecting, classifying, housing, cataloging, preserving and providing access to digital contents, analogous with the library’s traditional function of collecting, preserving, classifying and providing access to analog content. Repositories may be limited to one department, one institution or one department; or else it may be a consortium of several institutions. Development of institutional repositories has largely taken place in universities through open access and open archive movement.

Open Source Software

The establishment of institutional repositories. Several open source software are now available for free which are giving rise to digital libraries. So it is important for that digital repository system to ensure standard. As long as user defined metadata sets and multiple formats of digital content.
A typical digital library should support multilingualism i.e. multiple languages should be support in the user interface, in the meta data fields and in the digital content. The character encoding is of great importance in order for digital repository systems to be fully multilingual.

Hence Green stone is a software for building and distributing digital library collections. It produce by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato in the early 2000. So Green stone is now distribute and develop in cooperation with UNESCO and the human info nongovernmental organization. It is an open source multilingual software issue under the terms of GNU General Public License. There are several ways of finding information in green stone collections.

Architectural Engineering

What is Architectural Engineering?

Architectural Engineering

Architectural Engineering helps When you were a kid and you went to a beach to build a sand castle you must have learnt very quickly that if you use dry sand and fill the bucket with it and then put it upside down your castle would crumble down. Whereas if you went to take really wet sand, again the squishy lot would come down and you would fail to make the castle upright. Hence after a while you would realize that if there is enough moisture in the sand only then you would be able to make beautiful castles. This is an example of understanding materials and material properties i.e. how different materials behave.

What is Architectural Engineers Work?

Architectural engineering is a specific field of engineering that deals more with structures and buildings. Generally architects are familiar with the design of the building and engineers are involved in this process of making building. Architects are supposed to present the design whereas engineers approve the structure. Often we find that when architects and engineers sit to work together they are talking to different languages. The beauty of architectural engineering is that these engineers are able to look at the building from an architectural perspective. So they are much better able to understand and help architects.

If you look at the work of Santiago Calatrava, who is probably the most successful architect of the world; He makes concrete do what features do. He understands materials and material properties. Hence architectural engineers are able to bridge the gap between architect and engineering and thus produce building that are worth watching.
Students are pleased with the variety of subjects they get to study in the course of Architectural engineering. They learn a lot about architectural histories and theories in the context of politics and development of society. They are also able to learn about earthquakes. And how buildings should built in order to survive the damage.

How Architectural Engineering is different from Engineering

This field is more mathematical and calculative. It builds up analytical skills in students with a blend of creativity where they suppose to design. The lab has model materials where students come and discuss the structure of various buildings. Hence there is a lot of peer learning in Architectural engineering. Since architectural engineering is much more than about what a building looks like from outside, it makes architects understand that engineers are just as creative as architects but they each have different skills and so they both work together in the best possible way through architectural engineering.

Yet few people major in Architectural engineer. It is still not very popular in the US as compared to civil engineering. This may be because there are ten times more programs for civil engineering than there is for architectural engineer. Somebody who torn between math. And creativity should particularly look at architectural engineer which later on gives a career on buildings. Hence Architectural Engineer applies science and technology to the buildings in the real world. They improve the standard of living and the quality of life.

Chemical Engineering

What is Chemical Engineering?

Chemical Engineering

A chemical engineer is a professional, who has the knowledge of chemical engineering and is supposed to work in some industry where basic raw materials are converted to a variety of products. It also deals with the design and function of chemical equipments and plants. So we can say that a chemical engineer is one who uses. So applies principles of chemical engineering in any of its various practical applications. To Clarify these often includes; design, manufacture and operation of plants and machinery in industrial chemical and related processes, also known as ‘Chemical Process Engineers’
Above all Various Opportunities for a Chemical Engineer:

Petroleum

Convert Crude Oil into Petrol, Diesal, Kerosine, Heating oil etc. In Petroleum also there are two major classifications:
i. On shore
ii. Off shore
Major companies recruiting are: Reliance, Shell, Exxon, Essar and much more
Environmental:
Reduction in Air Pollution and Water Treatments requires hence a chemical engineer in industries.
Biotechnology and Pharma Industries:
In Biotechnology the design of Bio reactor is a crucial aspect from Chemical Engineer. Moreover Pharma Industries require Chemical Engineers in Productions well as in Research.

Semiconductor/Electronics

Finally Companies like IBM and Intel hires Chemical Engineers in huge quantities so for manufacturing of semiconductors/doping etc.
Other industries are:
1. Fibers and Polymers
2. Food and Drinks
3. Plastic and Metals
4. Pulp and Paper
5. Toiletries’

Chemical Engineering Alternative energy

Likewise chemical engineer can work in Alternative Energy like in the solar cells or micro cells. Finally fuel cells which convert chemical energy from a fuel into electrical energy which cars, boats, planes and submarines use.

Scale Up

In Addition Chemical engineering focuses mainly on scale up. This basically deals with research where you need to take a small reaction and then scale it to enable it to happen on a large scale. This is an important field and marks the difference between chemical engineers and chemists. Hence chemical engineers focus on designing a plant on which such large scale reaction may occur.
To Sum up  number of Chemical Development engineers work for consultancy and contracting firms. Moreover they have opportunities to work in environment protection, whereby they deal with pollution control, recycling and alternative energy. Moreover, a chemical engineering degree also provides a goof theoretical background for advancing existing technology and also for introducing new technology.

The world’s most successful people with the degree of Chemical Engineering:
1. Mukesh Ambani.  BE Chemical Engineering from Institute of Chemical Technology, Hence Matunga Reliance Industries. He believes that if you make a difference in this world it is certainly going to be talked about
2. Xi Jinping. Chemical Engineering from Tsinghua Univeristy.  But President of China. He believes that in order to be happy we should work hard and be down to earth,
3. Dr.Nitin Nohria. B.Tech in Chemical Engineering from IIT-Bombay; Executive Director of Tata Sons Limited. In case of he believes that communication is the real work of leadership!
4.  Linus Pauling. Chemical Engineering from Oregon State University. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 are dealt with scientific topics. So Pauling was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.

He shares his experience saying that when he began studying chemical engineering at Oregon Agricultural College he realized that he might discover something new about nature of the world. IThus he founded the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.

What are Minerals

What are Minerals?

What are Minerals?

If we describe what are Minerals, building blocks of rocks. If you examine a rock, let’s say, granite you will see that there are speckles of gray, black and white. As you zoom in, you will find out that these are actually crystals; or more specifically mineral crystals, which is compose mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphibious, and other minute amount of minerals.
On Earth there are almost 2000 varieties of minerals. They come in different sizes, shapes, textures and colours, thus having all sorts of physical characteristics. Minerals have quite a few uses in our everyday life. For example we use diamond for jewelry, construction applications and other industrial equipment. Moreover, the mineral fluorite is use in toothpaste as fluoride. Talc is another soft mineral that is ground into powder giving rise to talcum powder or baby powder.

What makes a Mineral?

A mineral has to fulfill five criteria in order to be call a mineral. These are:

1. The substance must exist as a solid under normal conditions on Earth. Hence mercury is not a mineral since it is clearly a liquid.
2. The substance must not be man made and should naturally occur on Earth. However coal is not mineral because it does not fulfill the next criteria. It is make from ancient tropical plants, which once living things.
3. The substance must be inorganic that means it should not be make of living things or coming from living things. E.g. Coral is not a mineral because it is make from sea creatures hence is organic in nature.

4. The substance must be made from specific combination of elements and thus must have a fixed chemical formula. E.g. the mineral quartz is made of silicon and oxygen bonded together, specifically, one silicon bonded to two oxygen atoms. All quartz are made of this same chemical formula.
5. The atoms that make up this structure must be arranged in an orderly crystal structure; like silicon tetra hydra is the specific arrangement of silica atoms.

Ice is a strange case because according to criteria it is a mineral since it has all these properties but there is most controversy on this aspect. Some scientists say that it does not fall under the category of mineral since it melts to a liquid. Moreover, what makes a pencil write is not lead but a mineral know as graphite.

What do Minerals do?

Our bodies need minerals in small amounts. It helps in muscle contraction and helps with enzyme activities. Finally nearly all minerals except iron are absorb in their free form. Mineral interact with each other and affect the absorption of one another in the body. For example iron supplement interferes with absorption of zinc. So there are sixteen minerals which are essential for our body and these are:
1. Calcium 2. Magnesium
3. Sodium 4. Chloride
5. Phosphorus 6. Sulfur
7. Potassium 8. Chromium
9. Copper 10. Iodine
11. Iron 12. Molybdenum
13. Selenium 14. Fluoride
15. Manganese 16. Zinc
The key is to have a balanced diet in order to have all the essential minerals in the body.

AT&T Mobiles

AT&T Mobiles Phones History

AT&T Mobiles

AT&T Mobiles Undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions of the 19th century was the telephone and we can surely say that the world would not have been the same if this invention was not made. So let us explore the company that built up the telephone company and remains the largest telephone business company till today-the AT&T.

When we talk about the inventors of telephone three names pop up; Antonio Meussi, Alexander G Bell and Elisha Gray. While there is some small controversy over the inventors of telephone, Alexander G-Bell was the one reward for this wonderful invention. Moreover it was his company that had spread it across America. The phone came to life on March 10, 1876 and the first sentence uttered on the phone was, “Mr. Watson, come here I want to see you”; spoken by Bell to his assistant. Just in one year he had found many investors to back his invention including JP Morgan. So in 1877 the ‘Bell Telephone Company’ was set up. Later on they set the ‘New England Telephone Company’ in 1878. Their model was to license the telephone to local operating companies around Chicago, Boston and New York.

Bell himself was much more focused on his work as an inventor. By 1879 he had sold his share in both companies to a group from Boston who consolidated the two parts into ‘National Telephone Bell Company’. Now these different names may sound confusing but, the real history of AT&T Mobiles is all about whether it is one company or many different companies operating for a common purpose.

AT&T Mobile Largest Telecom Company

If you look at the largest telecom companies in the world you will see that most of them were Sate run telephone operators. China Mobile, Telefonica, NTT, Duetsche Telekom; all these started off as government entities that originally run by the post office. However the US, never had a State run telephone operator, partly because it goes against the nature of American values but also because the telephone system was a business first and a utility later.

History of AT&T Mobiles

Now the question arises, “Why did the Bell Company license out the operating system instead of building. It’s own networking system and having complete control?”
Well, they did not have any rivals. In fact it was all a matter of time and capital. He wanted to make money fast so he gave away his share. The company was not indefinite; they know that they had limited time to spread their network before competitors could pop up! By licensing to individual operators they saved their cost of spreading network in a new area. It was actually a pretty sweet deal. Moreover Bell had restricted one company from having a deal with the other companies’ network and the reason. he was working on making long distance calls possible.

Conclusion

In 1885 Bell made its new company for long distance calls and called it “American Telephone and Telegraph Company” or AT&T. Over time this network became the backbone of the Bell Company. AT&T was the only company that could provide service across the nation. Independent operators kept coming up and by 1907 they occupied half of America’s telephones. Hence 20 percent of Americans home had a telephone by then so there was a lot of demand for telephone services and AT&T was the only service that could provide out of city calls. So the AT&T we know today is really the work of SBC, simply re branded to this more famous name. Nowadays AT&T’s new direction is wireless.

Teen Mobiles Addiction and Applications

Teen Mobiles Addiction and Applications

Teen Mobiles

About Teen Mobiles uses It has been verified through research that teenagers are the major users of mobile phone worldwide. A study based on uses and misuses of mobile phones was conducted; in which teenagers were found to be the ones most affected by mobile phone usage. The way teenagers use their mobile phones is not only alarming but also very unpredictable.

Teen Mobiles Addiction

The teenagers of fifteen to twenty two years are in such a weird phase that they enjoy doing crazy things. They are much more unstable emotionally than people in other age segments. Hence forth the relationship of teenagers with their modern mobile phones is in consistent with their usual usage pattern. They have certain dependency of using mobile phones and are kind of addict to it. Often they tend to show uncommon behavior while using their phones which can become dangerous for them and their families.

Mobile evils

We cannot doubt the benefits of mobile phones and most certainly mobile phones are needed for better communication patterns. They are basically the need of the day. However what the worry and concern is, that it has certain evils attached to it as well. Most students are being distract from their studies due to these mobile phones. They tend to use their phones in class instead of concentration on their studies. We all know that teenage is a very sensitive age and is the time which is easily maneuverable. Hence forth great care has to be taken in order to steer teenagers in the right direction. We must make sure that students do not engage in unnecessary activities of their phones and get distract from studies.

Mobile Applications

The latest mobiles keep coming up with new features and hence new distractions. Initially the teenagers got engaged in texting via SMS and then there was MMS. The teenagers enjoyed chatting this way. Now we have snap chat, intstagram, whats app, twitter etc. for a more engaging and enjoyable chat. These applications are so engaging that teenagers would be using them even while driving. Many accidents happen due to use of mobile phones while driving a vehicle Teen Mobiles side effects.

Mobile phones and health issues
The damages done by mobile phones do not end here. There have been disturbing claims of wrong doing by mobile phones. Moreover research taken place in America shows that the radiation from mobile phone gives rise to cancer. The damage does not end here. There are many psychological diseases which are led by mobile phone usage. Dangerous diseases like brain cancer and insomnia are typically alarming in many parts of the world. Now people gives awareness on how to use mobile phones safely.

Conclusion

Anyhow these factors cannot minimize the necessity one feels of mobile phone usage which has re-shaped, altered and reorganized several social facets. Teenagers possessing mobile phones are around 96 percent now and majority users over age between 17-19 years. There are both advantages and disadvantages of using a mobile phone. We must be careful that the disadvantages should not outweigh the advantages.

Poker Card Game

Poker Card Game Rules

Poker Card Game Rules

Poker is a card game played in gambling. The rules for poker are as follows:
Each player starts with two down cards. However before they even deal, these players are supposed to hold out a bet known as the ‘blinds’. There is typically a small blind and a big blind. These are forced bets that the player has to make before the hand is even dealt out. Each hand, the blind moves from player to player around the table so that it is fair.

How to Play?

After the blinds are ‘posted’, which means the blind have been in front of the player; the hand begins. The dealer gives each player two cards, one under the other at a time. So the cards are dealt, and each player is given two down cards. They then have to choose whether they stay in the hand or fall. A round of betting then takes place starting immediately after the big blind; which is known as ‘under the gun’ since the players are forced to forced to act first. Players choose to stay in the hand by calling the big blind, meaning they put in the same amount of chips or increasing the size of the wage of this hand; often based on their whole cards by raising in Poker Card Game .

Poker Card Game Procedure

Alternatively and most commonly players decide to not participate in the hand by folding their cards; not putting any chips in the pot, and fold their cards. Once the players have act, three cards are deal, call as the flop. After these community cards known as flop appears another round of betting takes place except that this time there are no forced bets. Players have two options, they can check or they can bet. Checking can be indicated by tapping the table, it is giving conformation to other players to act before you. If all the players on the table check then the next card comes. This card known as the ‘turn’. A betting round takes place. After ‘turn’ the card which is next is known as the ’river’. The best hand against those five cards gets the win.

top ten Casino Games

Casino Games

Top Ten Casino Games with Best Odds

The top ten Casino Games with the Best Odds are American Roulette, Let It Ride, Tri Card Poker, European Roulette, Paigow Poker, Baccarat, Black Jack, Craps and Five times Odd Craps

American Roulette

This North American Casino game makes the lowest odds but still makes the top ten list at number ten. There is an house edge of about 5.6 percent which is pretty good for a game with a wheel and a rolling ball.

Let It Ride

This is based after Poker and uses three bets to three cards to bind a deal. There are different strategies of pulling back your bet or ‘let it ride’. It is both played online and in real life so you have your choice. The house edge on this game reaches 3.5 percent.

Tri Card Poker

It is also known as three card poker. The rules are simple. If you have the three card poker hand better than your card dealer you are the game winner. It also has a house edge of 3.4 percent.
European Roulette
This version of Roulette is better to play with than American Roulette because there is one less zero spot to place a bet. This seemingly difference of one tiny square makes it at house edge of 2.7 percent, almost half of that of American Roulette.

Paigow Poker
This is a table which requires a lot of thinking in order to win. If you are clever the chances of in house winning is just 2.5 percent.
Baccarat
Here you have two chances of winning the game depending on how you choose to play from two different playing styles.
Black Jack
Black Jack is a popular game for all players regardless of being an expert or a beginner. Hence It is a simple game with an edge of 0.7 percent.

Craps

Therefore This is a game which is easy to master and win. You can make easy money if you practice enough. The house edge is 0.8 percent.
Five times Odd Craps
So This is the best casino game with the best odds. This has the lowest house edge in history.

Online Gambling

Online Gambling

Online Gambling

Online gambling allows people to bet on sports, play casino, poker or bingo. So Online gambling has a long history. The first online casino was launched in 1994 much before than establishment of google and facebook. Since then e- gambling has had a significant growth in e- commerce so much and so that in 2015 the online market was estimated to be $38 billion US dollars worldwide.
Online gambling is regulated and so far 68 countries have recognized this regulation. This includes protecting consumers, generating tax revenues and other economic benefits keeping gambling prime free and protected under sports integrity.
These benefits are achieve by establishing a balance and proportionate regulatory machine, which includes:
1. an operating licensing model that encourages consumer choice and a full product range
2. Anti money laundering process
3. Responsible gambling tools
4. Viable taxation system
5. Sports betting integrity procedures

How does online gambling work?

In order to be in with a chance of winning, consumers must first place a bet and since this bet at risk it is know to be a stake. When someone places a bet they receive the odds against it. This gives the consumer a chance to win a better amount for the same stake. Odds can also affect the consumer’s bets depending on the volume of bets made. They are express in fractions or decimals. The payout ratio is the average return to the consumer. Companies compete on the payout ratio; the price of gambling in order to provide the best value and retain consumers.

Results

The money won in gambling is call the gross win; it is equal to the amount staked by consumers plus the money paid out. Generally the government taxes the gambling company on that gross win. Henceforth consumers can take part in a variety of gambling opportunities.

Adult education

Adult Education

What is Adult education?

Adult Education is a systematic way of engaging adults in particular activities design to enable them to acquire knowledge, values and skills. Adult learning affect by globalization, demographics, and technology. It can be formal i.e. in a training institution or non-formal like in a workplace and even informal i.e. learning life lessons from life experiences.

Andragogy and Padagogy

It differs from education of children in many ways since adults believe to take their own responsibility for learning. Moreover they already have some previous learning experience which would add to their accumulated knowledge and what they further want to learn. Since mostly adult education voluntary there great motivation seen in learners. Hence this self-driven learning refer as ‘andragogy’ instead of ‘pedagogy’.

Adult Education Self Driven Learners

Adults rely on less help from the teacher and know where they are heading. Adults are assumed to be capable of learning what they want to learn. Hence learning should be need based i.e. learning should respond to their needs. The curricula should be structured in order to train them for better job opportunity or help them in their day to day tasks. Adults being mature have already gained a lot of knowledge from their life experience. Now they just need some refinement so as to polish their skills. Hence they are intrinsically motivate to learn and retain information.

Their education is more problem center than subject centered. Their aim is personal growth and personal development. Moreover it is also about professional growth and development in order to improve their social structure.
The basic purpose of adult education is to provide a second chance for those who could not acquire education for any reason what so ever, to get education and climb the social ladder, and achieve social justice with equal access to education.